Calculation of Specific Gravity

The Formula for Specific Gravity

The formula for specific gravity, given that the reference substance is water, is the density of the object divided by the density of the water. Here, we use the Greek symbol Rho to indicate density.

The specific gravity has no unitbecause the units of the numerator and the denominator are the same, so they just cancel each other out.

Methods to preservation of urine specimens- biochemistry notes for DMLT

 Five methods for preserving urine specimens, including their advantages and disadvantages.

• Preservation of specimen:

  • Urine is preserved in various methods like refrigeration and adding preservatives.

  • Preserving a specimen is significant for urine analysis.

  Methods to preserve urine specimens:

  • Refrigeration

  • Boric acid

  • Formalin (formaldehyde)

  • Sodium fluoride

  • Commercial preservative tablets

  Refrigeration:

  • It is the process of freezing or keeping the specimen in low temperatures to prevent pathogenic growth.

  • For 24 hours it prevents bacterial growth.

  Advantages:

  • Interference with chemical test does not occur.

  Disadvantages:

  • Refrigerated specimen forms amorphous phosphates and urates precipitation.
• 
  
• 
  
• 
  

• Ismail Tahasildar

Barrett’s esophagus: DMRT

Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes, becoming more like the lining of the small intestine rather than the esophagus. This occurs in the area where the esophagus is joined to the stomach.
It is believed that the main reason that Barrett’s esophagus develops is because of chronic inflammation resulting from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
Barrett's esophagus are classified into four categories:
nondysplastic
low-grade dysplasia,
high-grade dysplasia, and frank carcinoma.

Barrett's esophagus is diagnosed by endoscopy: observing the characteristic appearance of this condition by direct inspection of the lower esophagus; followed by microscopic examination of tissue from the affected area obtained from biopsy.

Toxic Goitre: DMRT

A toxic nodular goiter (TNG) is a thyroid gland that contains autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, with resulting hyperthyroidism.

Examples of toxic goiters include diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease), toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma (Plummer disease).

Diagnosing a goiter may also involve:
A.hormone test.
B.Antibody test.
C. ultrasonography
D. A thyroid scan
F. A biopsy

BONE TUBERCULOSIS: DMRT

BONE TUBERCULOSIS:
                     Bone TB occurs when the contract tuberculosis and it spreads outside of the lungs. Tuberculosis is normally spread from person to person through the air. After the contract tuberculosis, it can travel through the blood from the lungs or lymph nodes into the bones, spine, or joints. Bone TB typically begins due to the rich vascular supply in the middle of the long bones and the vertebrae.

Bone tuberculosis is relatively rare, but in the last few decades the prevalence of this disease has increased in developing nations partially as a result of the spread of AIDS. While rare, bone tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and can lead to severe problems if left untreated.
When bone tuberculosis is more advanced,
some dangerous symptoms include:
neurological complications
paraplegia/paralysis
limb-shortening in children
bone deformities

Treatments include:
antituberculosis medications, such as rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide
surgery